Omnia - Recent changes [en]

Windows/Ping

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 22:15:35 GMT

Created page with "== Firewall Allow Ping == Add: netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow ICMPv4 Ping" protocol=icmpv4:8,any dir=in action=allow Verify netsh advfirewall firewall show rule name="Allow ICMPv4 Ping" Remove: netsh advfirewall firewall delete rule name="Allow ICMPv4 Ping" == Powershell Version == New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName "Allow ICMPv4 Ping" ` -Direction Inbound ` -Protocol ICMPv4 ` -IcmpType 8 ` -Action Allow"

New page

== Firewall Allow Ping ==

Add:
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow ICMPv4 Ping" protocol=icmpv4:8,any dir=in action=allow

Verify
netsh advfirewall firewall show rule name="Allow ICMPv4 Ping"

Remove:
netsh advfirewall firewall delete rule name="Allow ICMPv4 Ping"

== Powershell Version ==

New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName "Allow ICMPv4 Ping" `
-Direction Inbound `
-Protocol ICMPv4 `
-IcmpType 8 `
-Action Allow

WinRM

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 22:05:41 GMT

Test WinRM

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:05, 7 July 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 4:		Line 4:

	HTTPS SSL over port 5986		HTTPS SSL over port 5986

			HTTP over port 5985

	== Test WinRM ==		== Test WinRM ==
Line 23:		Line 25:
	</BODY></HTML>		</BODY></HTML>
	</pre>		</pre>

			To test the non SSL:
			curl -i http://moonshadow.home.lab:5985

	== WinRM Service ==		== WinRM Service ==

Linux/Bash History

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 07:32:49 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:32, 7 July 2026
Line 27:		Line 27:

	The most likely cause for history items not to show up is not by setting HISTFILE to nothing or HISTSIZE to zero, it is by logging into the same machine twice and exiting with the second bash instance (in which you did little or nothing) after the one where you did a lot. By default Bash doesn't merge histories and the second Bash-exit overwrites the .bash_history that was so nicely update by the first Bash-exit.		The most likely cause for history items not to show up is not by setting HISTFILE to nothing or HISTSIZE to zero, it is by logging into the same machine twice and exiting with the second bash instance (in which you did little or nothing) after the one where you did a lot. By default Bash doesn't merge histories and the second Bash-exit overwrites the .bash_history that was so nicely update by the first Bash-exit.

			== Clear History on Exit ==

			history -c ; history -w ; exit

Ntpq

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 07:00:50 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:00, 7 July 2026
Line 28:		Line 28:
	3 17769 b414 yes yes none candidate reachable 1		3 17769 b414 yes yes none candidate reachable 1
	</pre>		</pre>

			== keywords ==

Ntpq

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 07:00:43 GMT

Created page with "== ntpq -p == === Active Sync Time Source === # Look for the asterisk * in the first column, which identifies your currently selected active time source. # The reach column should ideally be 377 (octal), confirming the server has been successfully contacted over the last 8 polls. # The offset should be a very low number (typically under 100 milliseconds), showing how far off your clock is from the server. <pre> # ntpq -p remote r..."

New page

== ntpq -p ==

=== Active Sync Time Source ===

# Look for the asterisk * in the first column, which identifies your currently selected active time source.
# The reach column should ideally be 377 (octal), confirming the server has been successfully contacted over the last 8 polls.
# The offset should be a very low number (typically under 100 milliseconds), showing how far off your clock is from the server.

<pre>
# ntpq -p
remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset jitter
=======================================================================================================
*10.1.1.1 169.254.0.1 3 u 1 64 377 31.7132 -2.6834 1.7580
+10.1.2.1 169.254.0.1 3 u 62 64 377 31.7588 -2.6430 1.7581
+10.1.3.1 169.254.0.1 3 u 62 64 377 31.7444 -2.6400 1.7500
</pre>

== List associations ==

ntpq -c associations

Sample:
<pre>
ind assid status conf reach auth condition last_event cnt
===========================================================
1 17767 b61a yes yes none sys.peer sys_peer 1
2 17768 b414 yes yes none candidate reachable 1
3 17769 b414 yes yes none candidate reachable 1
</pre>

Linux/Rename User and Home Directory

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 06:10:25 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:10, 7 July 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Change~~ user ~~name~~, and rename home directory:		Rename user, and rename home directory:
	# -m, --move-home		# -m, --move-home
	# -l, --login NEW_LOGIN		# -l, --login NEW_LOGIN

Linux/Change User and Home Directory

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 06:10:04 GMT

Kenneth moved page Linux/Change User and Home Directory to Linux/Rename User and Home Directory

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:10, 7 July 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
	sudo usermod -l newuser -d /home/newuser ~~-m olduser~~		Change user name, and rename home directory:
	~~sudo groupmod -n newuser~~ olduser		# -m, --move-home
			# -l, --login NEW_LOGIN
			# -d, --home HOME_DIR
			sudo usermod -m -l newuser -d /home/newuser olduser

			Fix user's default group:
			# -n, --new-name NEW_GROUP
			sudo groupmod -n newuser olduser

			..

			Should not be needed, but just in case??
	sudo chown -R newuser:newuser /home/newuser		sudo chown -R newuser:newuser /home/newuser

Linux/Change User and Home Directory

Kenneth — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 05:52:35 GMT

Created page with " sudo usermod -l newuser -d /home/newuser -m olduser sudo groupmod -n newuser olduser sudo chown -R newuser:newuser /home/newuser"

New page

sudo usermod -l newuser -d /home/newuser -m olduser
sudo groupmod -n newuser olduser

sudo chown -R newuser:newuser /home/newuser

Linux/tio

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:53:55 GMT

installation

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:53, 1 July 2026
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	== installation ==		== installation ==

			=== APT Method ===

			# Ubuntu
			sudo apt update
			sudo apt install tio

			echo "alias tio='tio -m INLCRNL'" >> ~/.bashrc
			alias tio='tio -m INLCRNL'

	=== Source Method ===		=== Source Method ===

GRUB

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:43:00 GMT

Dual Boot - Remember Last Choice

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== GRUB ==
+== GRUB 2 ==
 == Dual Boot - Remember Last Choice ==
@@ Line 32: / Line 67: @@
   NOTE: tab auto complete also works with grub-set-default!!
 == GRUB Legacy ==
@@ Line 38: / Line 75: @@
 == keywords ==

GRUB

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:41:35 GMT

Created page with "== GRUB == == Dual Boot - Remember Last Choice == dual boot - How to get grub2 to remember last choice? - Ask Ubuntu - http://askubuntu.com/questions/148662/how-to-get-grub2-to-remember-last-choice Ubuntu: /etc/default/grub # GRUB_DEFAULT=0 GRUB_DEFAULT=saved GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true # GRUB_TIMEOUT=0 GRUB_TIMEOUT=60 note the GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT line needs to be added then run: sudo update-grub To force a default for next boot use: <ref>https://askubuntu.com/quest..."

New page

== GRUB ==

== Dual Boot - Remember Last Choice ==

dual boot - How to get grub2 to remember last choice? - Ask Ubuntu - http://askubuntu.com/questions/148662/how-to-get-grub2-to-remember-last-choice

Ubuntu:

/etc/default/grub
# GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true

# GRUB_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT=60

note the GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT line needs to be added

then run:
sudo update-grub

To force a default for next boot use: <ref>https://askubuntu.com/questions/599208/how-to-list-grubs-menuentries-in-command-line</ref>
# list menu options
awk -F\' '/menuentry / {print $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg

# specify default boot option
grub-set-default "some-boot-menu-option"

grub-set-default Ubuntu

grub-set-default 0

NOTE: tab auto complete also works with grub-set-default!!

== GRUB Legacy ==

See [[GRUB Legacy]]

== keywords ==

GRUB

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:40:59 GMT

Kenneth moved page GRUB to GRUB Legacy without leaving a redirect

New page

== Summary ==

GRUB is the GNU GRand Unified Bootloader.

Note: "[[GRUB 2]] has replaced what was formerly known as GRUB (i.e. version 0.9x), which has, in turn, become GRUB Legacy." [http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/]

"GRUB has the advantage of being able to read ext2 and ext3 partitions and load its configuration file — /boot/grub/grub.conf — at boot time." [http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-5-manual/Installation_Guide-en-US/s2-boot-init-shutdown-loader.html]

Create Grub conf:
touch /boot/grub/menu.lst
ln -s menu.lst /boot/grub/grub.conf

Boot with GRUB [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4622 article].

Dual and Multi Booting FreeBSD, Linux, and OpenBSD [http://geodsoft.com/howto/dualboot/grub.htm article].

<blockquote>"You can also have GRUB save the last loaded system as the default for the next boot. Change the "default=0" line to "default=saved" and add the "savedefault" command (no arguments) as the last command in each title section. When you switch to the savedefault mode, the first title section will be the default on the first boot. GRUB saves the current selection just before initiating the boot sequence. By using the savedefault command in two or more title sections and leaving it out of one or more title sections you could create a menu that would allow the default to switch between some systems but never be set for others."</blockquote>

Example:
<pre>
default=0
timeout=10

title Debian 2.4.27-2-386
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.27-2-386 ro root=/dev/hda1
initrd /initrd.img-2.4.27-2-386
</pre>

<pre>
default=saved
timeout=10
#splashimage=(hd0,4)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
title Red Hat Linux (2.4.7-10)
root (hd0,4)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.7-10 ro root=/dev/hda5
initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.7-10.img
savedefault
title OpenBSD 3.0
root (hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader +1
savedefault
</pre>

GRUB: Boot another OS once [http://sidvind.com/wiki/GRUB:_Boot_another_OS_once article].

== Dual Boot - Remember Last Choice ==

dual boot - How to get grub2 to remember last choice? - Ask Ubuntu - http://askubuntu.com/questions/148662/how-to-get-grub2-to-remember-last-choice

Ubuntu:

/etc/default/grub
# GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true

# GRUB_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT=60

note the GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT line needs to be added

then run:
sudo update-grub

To force a default for next boot use: <ref>https://askubuntu.com/questions/599208/how-to-list-grubs-menuentries-in-command-line</ref>
# list menu options
awk -F\' '/menuentry / {print $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg

# specify default boot option
grub-set-default "some-boot-menu-option"

grub-set-default Ubuntu

grub-set-default 0

NOTE: tab auto complete also works with grub-set-default!!

== Longer Boot Menu Choice ==

/etc/default/grub
# GRUB_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT=60

then run:
sudo update-grub

==GRUB: savedefault results in "Error 15: File not found"==
[http://bugs.archlinux.org/task/7770 GRUB: savedefault results in "Error 15: File not found"]

"Adding savedefault to boot command in grub results in boot error "file not found". (and hence the boot default is not saved for next boot)

It seems that /boot/grub/default is not created at install and GRUB seems unable to create it.

I have solved this on my box by calling "grub-set-default 0" once."

==Install Grub==
Install grub
# grub
> root (hd0,1)
> setup (hd0)
> quit

Note: (hd0,1) would be the second partition. If boot is the first then it would be (hd0,0).

==Restore/Repair GRUB MBR==
[http://linuxhelp.blogspot.com/2005/11/how-to-repair-corrupt-mbr-and-boot.html All about Linux: How to Repair a Corrupt MBR and boot into Linux]
To install GRUB boot loader on to your MBR:
grub-install /dev/hda

mount /dev/hda1 /mnt
sudo grub-install --no-floppy --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda
# --no-floppy - (optional) just says to not probe floppy drives too

==Boot to Single User (Maintenance) Mode==
See [[Linux#Boot to Single User (Maintenance) Mode]]

==Changing Runlevels at Boot Time==
Changing Runlevels at Boot Time:
* When the GRUB menu bypass screen appears at boot time, press any key to enter the GRUB menu (within the first three seconds).
* Press the a key to append to the kernel command.
* Add <space><runlevel> at the end of the boot options line to boot to the desired runlevel. For example, the following entry would initiate a boot process into runlevel 3:
grub append> ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet 3

Source: [http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-5-manual/Installation_Guide-en-US/s1-grub-runlevels.html 9.8. Changing Runlevels at Boot Time]

== Boot Timeout ==

Infinite timeout:
# timeout=0
or...
timeout=-1

Instant timeout:
timeout=0

== Samples ==

=== ibm example ===

<pre>
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,5)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda6
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda6
default=1
timeout=10
splashimage=(hd0,5)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
#hiddenmenu
password --md5 $1$RW1VW/$4XGAklxB7/GJk0uO47Srx1
title Upgrade to Fedora 11 (Leonidas)
kernel /boot/upgrade/vmlinuz preupgrade \
repo=hd::/var/cache/yum/preupgrade stage2=\
hd:UUID=8b4c62e7-2022-4288-8995-5eda92cd149b:/boot/upgrade/install.img \
ks=hd:UUID=8b4c62e7-2022-4288-8995-5eda92cd149b:/boot/upgrade/ks.cfg
initrd /boot/upgrade/initrd.img
title Fedora (2.6.26.8-57.fc8)
root (hd0,5)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.26.8-57.fc8 ro root=LABEL=FEDORA8 rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.26.8-57.fc8.img
title Fedora (2.6.26.6-49.fc8)
root (hd0,5)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.26.6-49.fc8 ro root=LABEL=FEDORA8 rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.26.6-49.fc8.img
title GRUB Menu
rootnoverify (hd0,1)
chainloader +1
title Windows
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
chainloader +1
</pre>

Source: Learn Linux, 101: Boot managers - http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-lpic1-v3-102-2/index.html

== keywords ==

[[Category:Linux]]

Grub-menu

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:40:35 GMT

Created page with "== grub-menu.sh == Ref: https://askubuntu.com/questions/599208/how-to-list-grubs-menuentries-in-command-line grub-menu.sh short # or grub-menu.sh long <pre> #!/bin/bash # NAME: grub-menu.sh # PATH: $HOME/bin # DESC: Written for AU Q&A: https://askubuntu.com/q/1019213/307523 # DATE: Apr 5, 2018. Modified: July 27, 2019 # UPDT: Scroll bar was outside of dialog box. Move windo border line. # $TERM variable may be missing when called via desktop shortcut CurrentTERM=..."

New page

== grub-menu.sh ==

Ref: https://askubuntu.com/questions/599208/how-to-list-grubs-menuentries-in-command-line

grub-menu.sh short
# or
grub-menu.sh long

<pre>
#!/bin/bash

# NAME: grub-menu.sh
# PATH: $HOME/bin
# DESC: Written for AU Q&A: https://askubuntu.com/q/1019213/307523
# DATE: Apr 5, 2018. Modified: July 27, 2019
# UPDT: Scroll bar was outside of dialog box. Move windo border line.

# $TERM variable may be missing when called via desktop shortcut
CurrentTERM=$(env | grep TERM)
if [[ $CurrentTERM == "" ]] ; then
notify-send --urgency=critical "$0 cannot be run from GUI without TERM environment variable."
exit 1
fi

# Send output to secondary terminal such that previous history isn't cleared on exit
tput smcup

AllMenusArr=() # All menu options.
# Default for hide duplicate and triplicate options with (upstart) and (recovery mode)?
HideUpstartRecovery=false
if [[ $1 == short ]] ; then
HideUpstartRecovery=true # override default with first passed parameter "short"
elif [[ $1 == long ]] ; then
HideUpstartRecovery=false # override default with first passed parameter "long"
fi
SkippedMenuEntry=false # Don't change this value, automatically maintained
InSubMenu=false # Within a line beginning with `submenu`?
InMenuEntry=false # Within a line beginning with `menuentry` and ending in `{`?
NextMenuEntryNo=0 # Next grub internal menu entry number to assign
# Major / Minor internal grub submenu numbers, ie `1>0`, `1>1`, `1>2`, etc.
ThisSubMenuMajorNo=0
NextSubMenuMinorNo=0
CurrTag="" # Current grub internal menu number, zero based
CurrText="" # Current grub menu option text, ie "Ubuntu", "Windows...", etc.
SubMenuList="" # Only supports 10 submenus! Numbered 0 to 9. Future use.

while read -r line; do
# Example: " }"
BlackLine="${line//[[:blank:]]/}" # Remove all whitespace
if [[ $BlackLine == "}" ]] ; then
# Add menu option in buffer
if [[ $SkippedMenuEntry == true ]] ; then
NextSubMenuMinorNo=$(( $NextSubMenuMinorNo + 1 ))
SkippedMenuEntry=false
continue
fi
if [[ $InMenuEntry == true ]] ; then
InMenuEntry=false
if [[ $InSubMenu == true ]] ; then
NextSubMenuMinorNo=$(( $NextSubMenuMinorNo + 1 ))
else
NextMenuEntryNo=$(( $NextMenuEntryNo + 1 ))
fi
elif [[ $InSubMenu == true ]] ; then
InSubMenu=false
NextMenuEntryNo=$(( $NextMenuEntryNo + 1 ))
else
continue # Future error message?
fi
# Set maximum CurrText size to 68 characters.
CurrText="${CurrText:0:67}"
AllMenusArr+=($CurrTag "$CurrText")
fi

# Example: "menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu" ...
# "submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option" ...
if [[ $line == submenu* ]] ; then
# line starts with `submenu`
InSubMenu=true
ThisSubMenuMajorNo=$NextMenuEntryNo
NextSubMenuMinorNo=0
SubMenuList=$SubMenuList$ThisSubMenuMajorNo
CurrTag=$NextMenuEntryNo
CurrText="${line#*\'}"
CurrText="${CurrText%%\'*}"
AllMenusArr+=($CurrTag "$CurrText") # ie "1 Advanced options for Ubuntu"

elif [[ $line == menuentry* ]] && [[ $line == *"{"* ]] ; then
# line starts with `menuentry` and ends with `{`
if [[ $HideUpstartRecovery == true ]] ; then
if [[ $line == *"(upstart)"* ]] || [[ $line == *"(recovery mode)"* ]] ; then
SkippedMenuEntry=true
continue
fi
fi
InMenuEntry=true
if [[ $InSubMenu == true ]] ; then
: # In a submenu, increment minor instead of major which is "sticky" now.
CurrTag=$ThisSubMenuMajorNo">"$NextSubMenuMinorNo
else
CurrTag=$NextMenuEntryNo
fi
CurrText="${line#*\'}"
CurrText="${CurrText%%\'*}"

else
continue # Other stuff - Ignore it.
fi

done < /boot/grub/grub.cfg

LongVersion=$(grub-install --version)
ShortVersion=$(echo "${LongVersion:20}")
DefaultItem=0

if [[ $HideUpstartRecovery == true ]] ; then
MenuText="Menu No. ----------- Menu Name -----------"
else
MenuText="Menu No. --------------- Menu Name ---------------"
fi

while true ; do

Choice=$(whiptail --clear \
--title "Use arrow, page, home & end keys. Tab toggle option" \
--backtitle "Grub Version: $ShortVersion" \
--ok-button "Display Grub Boot" \
--cancel-button "Exit" \
--default-item "$DefaultItem" \
--menu "$MenuText" 24 80 16 \
"${AllMenusArr[@]}" \
2>&1 >/dev/tty)

clear
if [[ $Choice == "" ]]; then break ; fi
DefaultItem=$Choice

for (( i=0; i < ${#AllMenusArr[@]}; i=i+2 )) ; do
if [[ "${AllMenusArr[i]}" == $Choice ]] ; then
i=$i+1
MenuEntry="menuentry '"${AllMenusArr[i]}"'"
break
fi
done

TheGameIsAfoot=false
while read -r line ; do
if [[ $line = *"$MenuEntry"* ]]; then TheGameIsAfoot=true ; fi
if [[ $TheGameIsAfoot == true ]]; then
echo $line
if [[ $line = *"}"* ]]; then break ; fi
fi
done < /boot/grub/grub.cfg

read -p "Press <Enter> to continue"

done

# Restore output to primary terminal
tput rmcup

exit 0
</pre>

GRUB

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:39:35 GMT

Dual Boot - Remember Last Choice

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 then run:
   sudo update-grub
 == Longer Boot Menu Choice ==

GitHub/Actions Runner

Kenneth — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 01:23:46 GMT

Get Latest Version

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:23, 1 July 2026
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 9:		Line 9:
	== Get Latest Version ==		== Get Latest Version ==

	curl -i https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/latest \| grep location:		curl -s -i https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/latest \| grep location:
	location: https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/tag/v2.309.0		location: https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/tag/v2.309.0

Line 17:		Line 17:
	LATEST=`echo $LATEST \| sed 's#.*tag/v##'`		LATEST=`echo $LATEST \| sed 's#.*tag/v##'`
	LATEST=`echo $LATEST \| sed 's/\r//'`		LATEST=`echo $LATEST \| sed 's/\r//'`
	curl -L -s "https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v${LATEST}/actions-runner-linux-x64-${LATEST}.tar.gz" -o actions-runner-linux-x64-${LATEST}.tar.gz		# Linux
			curl -L -s --fail "https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v${LATEST}/actions-runner-linux-x64-${LATEST}.tar.gz" -o actions-runner-linux-x64-${LATEST}.tar.gz
			# Windows
			curl -L -s --fail "https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v${LATEST}/actions-runner-win-x64-${LATEST}.zip" -o actions-runner-win-x64-${LATEST}.zip
	</pre>		</pre>