Python/3.14/Authority Key Identifier

ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT

Python 3.13+ has hardened its security requirements by enabling strict X.509 verification flags (ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT) by default. This strict enforcement adheres fully to RFC 5280.

If your environment uses older Certificate Authorities (CAs), local Kubernetes clusters, or corporate SSL-decrypting proxies (like Palo Alto Networks, Zscaler, or Burp) that sign downstream leaf certificates without generating an Authority Key Identifier (AKI) extension, Python will instantly reject the connection with this error.

Fixes

Palo Alto Networks Firewall

debug dataplane set ssl-decrypt akid-disable no

Disable Strict Checking

Not a great solution...

If using ssl module:

import ssl

ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
# Remove the strict verification flag
ctx.verify_flags &= ~ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT

If using request library:

import ssl
import requests
from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter

class RelaxedX509Adapter(HTTPAdapter):
    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False, **pool_kwargs):
        ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
        ctx.verify_flags &= ~ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT
        pool_kwargs['ssl_context'] = ctx
        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, max_size=maxsize, block=block, **pool_kwargs)

session = requests.Session()
session.mount('https://', RelaxedX509Adapter())

# This will now succeed without throwing the AKI error
response = session.get('https://your-internal-domain.com')

Example SSL Test Scripts

SSL Library

import ssl
import socket

hostname = 'api.github.com'
context = ssl.create_default_context()

with socket.create_connection((hostname, 443)) as sock:
    with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock:
        print(ssock.version())

Requests Library

import requests

url = 'https://api.github.com'
response = requests.get(url)
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text[:200])  # Print the first 200 characters of the response

Example Failures

SSL Library Failure

$ python test_ssl_library.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/someuser/test_ssl_library.py", line 8, in <module>
    with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock:
         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/lib/python3.14/ssl.py", line 469, in wrap_socket
    return self.sslsocket_class._create(
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        sock=sock,
        ^^^^^^^^^^
    ...<5 lines>...
        session=session
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "/usr/lib/python3.14/ssl.py", line 1087, in _create
    self.do_handshake()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/lib/python3.14/ssl.py", line 1383, in do_handshake
    self._sslobj.do_handshake()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: Missing Authority Key Identifier (_ssl.c:1082)

Requests Library Failure

Did not fail - Requests seemed to be okay with the AKI issue...

$ python test_requests_library.py
200
{"current_user_url":"https://api.github.com/user","current_user_authorizations_html_url":"https://github.com/settings/connections/applications{/client_id}","authorizations_url":"https://api.github.com

check aki sample output

sample check aki success

$ python3.14 check_aki.py api.github.com
Python 3.14.8
OpenSSL library (loaded by Python): OpenSSL 3.3.1 4 Jun 2024 - enforces the AKI check (OpenSSL 3.0+)
default verify flags: VERIFY_X509_STRICT|VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST|VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN
trust store: /usr/lib/ssl/cert.pem

api.github.com

strict verification (Python 3.13+ default): OK verified chain:

 [0] leaf          AKI present          CN=*.github.com
 [1] intermediate  AKI present          C=GB, O=Sectigo Limited, CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication CA DV E36
 [2] trust anchor  AKI absent (exempt)  C=GB, O=Sectigo Limited, CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46

RESULT: OK - passes VERIFY_X509_STRICT

sample check aki failure

$ python3.14 check_aki.py api.github.com
Python 3.14.8
OpenSSL library (loaded by Python): OpenSSL 3.0.2 15 Mar 2022 - enforces the AKI check (OpenSSL 3.0+)
default verify flags: VERIFY_X509_STRICT|VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST|VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN
trust store: /usr/lib/ssl/cert.pem

== api.github.com ==
strict verification (Python 3.13+ default): FAILED - Missing Authority Key Identifier (code 85)
relaxed verification (VERIFY_X509_STRICT off): OK
verified chain:
  [0] leaf          AKI MISSING          CN=*.github.com  <- issued by C=US, ST=XXX, L=XXX, O=XXX, OU=XXX, CN=decrypt.example.com
  [1] trust anchor  AKI present          C=US, ST=XXX, L=XXX, O=XXX, OU=XXX, CN=decrypt.example.com
RESULT: AKI ISSUE - rejected under VERIFY_X509_STRICT (Python 3.13+ default)
FIX: have the issuing CA reissue the flagged certificate(s) with an authorityKeyIdentifier
     extension (OpenSSL config: authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer)

ssl_aki_check.py

ssl_aki_check.py?action=raw

usage:

python3.14 ssl_aki_check.py api.github.com

#!/usr/bin/env python3.14
"""Check TLS servers and certificate files for the strict-mode Authority Key Identifier failure.

Python 3.13+ (including 3.14) adds VERIFY_X509_STRICT to ssl.create_default_context(). On
OpenSSL 3.x that enforces RFC 5280, and the failure most people hit is

    certificate verify failed: Missing Authority Key Identifier

Every certificate in the verified chain except the trust anchor (the leaf and any
intermediates) must carry an authorityKeyIdentifier extension.

TARGET is one of:
  host[:port], [v6addr]:port or https://URL
      handshake with and without VERIFY_X509_STRICT and show which certificate in the
      verified chain breaks the rule
  PEM or DER file (single cert, chain or CA bundle)
      static per-certificate check, no network access

Exit status: 0 no problem, 1 AKI (or other strict-mode) problem, 2 could not check.
"""

import argparse
import base64
import platform
import re
import socket
import ssl
import sys
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlsplit

if sys.version_info < (3, 13):
    sys.exit(f"Python 3.13+ required (strict verification default), this is {platform.python_version()}")

AKI_OID = "2.5.29.35"
BASIC_CONSTRAINTS_OID = "2.5.29.19"
MISSING_AKI_CODE = 85  # X509_V_ERR_MISSING_AUTHORITY_KEY_IDENTIFIER
NAME_ATTRS = {
    "2.5.4.3": "CN", "2.5.4.5": "serialNumber", "2.5.4.6": "C", "2.5.4.7": "L", "2.5.4.8": "ST",
    "2.5.4.10": "O", "2.5.4.11": "OU", "0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.25": "DC",
    "1.2.840.113549.1.9.1": "emailAddress",
}
STRING_CODECS = {0x0C: "utf-8", 0x1C: "utf-32-be", 0x1E: "utf-16-be"}
PEM_CERT = re.compile(rb"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----(.+?)-----END CERTIFICATE-----", re.DOTALL)
OK, ISSUE, ERROR = "ok", "issue", "error"


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Cert:
    version: int
    subject: str
    issuer: str
    self_issued: bool
    is_ca: bool
    aki: bool


def _tlv(der: bytes, pos: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
    """Return (tag, value_start, value_end) of the DER element at pos."""
    tag, length = der[pos], der[pos + 1]
    pos += 2
    if length & 0x80:
        size = length & 0x7F
        length = int.from_bytes(der[pos:pos + size])
        pos += size
    if pos + length > len(der):
        raise ValueError("truncated DER")
    return tag, pos, pos + length


def _children(der: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> list[tuple[int, int, int]]:
    items = []
    while start < end:
        items.append(_tlv(der, start))
        start = items[-1][2]
    return items


def _oid(raw: bytes) -> str:
    arcs, value = [], 0
    for byte in raw:
        value = (value << 7) | (byte & 0x7F)
        if not byte & 0x80:
            arcs.append(value)
            value = 0
    first = min(arcs[0] // 40, 2)
    return ".".join(map(str, [first, arcs[0] - 40 * first, *arcs[1:]]))


def _name(der: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> str:
    parts = []
    for _, rdn_start, rdn_end in _children(der, start, end):
        for _, atv_start, atv_end in _children(der, rdn_start, rdn_end):
            (_, oid_start, oid_end), (tag, val_start, val_end) = _children(der, atv_start, atv_end)
            oid = _oid(der[oid_start:oid_end])
            value = der[val_start:val_end].decode(STRING_CODECS.get(tag, "latin-1"), "replace")
            parts.append(f"{NAME_ATTRS.get(oid, oid)}={value}")
    return ", ".join(parts) or "<empty>"


def parse_cert(der: bytes) -> Cert:
    try:
        _, start, end = _tlv(der, 0)
        _, start, end = _tlv(der, start)  # tbsCertificate
        fields = _children(der, start, end)
        version = 1
        if fields[0][0] == 0xA0:  # [0] EXPLICIT version, absent means v1
            _, v_start, v_end = _tlv(der, fields[0][1])
            version = int.from_bytes(der[v_start:v_end]) + 1
            fields = fields[1:]
        issuer, subject = fields[2], fields[4]
        extensions = {}
        for tag, ext_start, _ in fields[6:]:
            if tag != 0xA3:  # [3] EXPLICIT extensions
                continue
            _, seq_start, seq_end = _tlv(der, ext_start)
            for _, e_start, e_end in _children(der, seq_start, seq_end):
                oid, *_, value = _children(der, e_start, e_end)
                extensions[_oid(der[oid[1]:oid[2]])] = der[value[1]:value[2]]
        is_ca = False
        if bc := extensions.get(BASIC_CONSTRAINTS_OID):
            _, bc_start, bc_end = _tlv(bc, 0)
            items = _children(bc, bc_start, bc_end)
            is_ca = bool(items) and items[0][0] == 0x01 and bc[items[0][1]] != 0
        return Cert(
            version=version,
            subject=_name(der, subject[1], subject[2]),
            issuer=_name(der, issuer[1], issuer[2]),
            self_issued=der[issuer[1]:issuer[2]] == der[subject[1]:subject[2]],
            is_ca=is_ca,
            aki=AKI_OID in extensions,
        )
    except (IndexError, ValueError) as exc:
        raise ValueError(f"not a parsable X.509 certificate ({exc})") from exc


def _load_ders(path: Path) -> list[bytes]:
    data = path.read_bytes()
    blocks = PEM_CERT.findall(data)
    return [base64.b64decode(block) for block in blocks] if blocks else [data]


def _host_port(target: str) -> tuple[str, int]:
    url = urlsplit(target if "://" in target else f"//{target}")
    return url.hostname or target, url.port or 443


def _unverified_context() -> ssl.SSLContext:
    ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
    ctx.check_hostname = False
    ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
    return ctx


def _fetch_chain(host: str, port: int, ctx: ssl.SSLContext, timeout: float) -> list[Cert]:
    with socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=timeout) as sock:
        with ctx.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=host) as tls:
            ders = tls.get_unverified_chain() if ctx.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_NONE else tls.get_verified_chain()
    return [parse_cert(der) for der in ders]


def _attempt(
    host: str, port: int, ctx: ssl.SSLContext, timeout: float
) -> tuple[list[Cert], ssl.SSLCertVerificationError | None]:
    try:
        return _fetch_chain(host, port, ctx, timeout), None
    except ssl.SSLCertVerificationError as exc:
        return [], exc


def _outcome(error: ssl.SSLCertVerificationError | None) -> str:
    return "OK" if error is None else f"FAILED - {error.verify_message} (code {error.verify_code})"


def _report(chain: list[Cert], verified: bool) -> list[Cert]:
    """Print one line per certificate and return the ones that break the strict AKI rule."""
    bad = []
    last = len(chain) - 1
    for i, cert in enumerate(chain):
        if verified:  # same rule as OpenSSL check_extensions(): all but the trust anchor need an AKI
            role = "leaf" if i == 0 else "trust anchor" if i == last else "intermediate"
            required = i < last
        else:
            role = "self-issued" if cert.self_issued else "CA" if cert.is_ca else "end-entity"
            required = not cert.self_issued
        if cert.aki:
            state = "present"
        elif required and cert.version >= 3:
            state = "MISSING"
        else:
            state = "absent (exempt)"
        line = f"  [{i}] {role:<13} AKI {state:<16} {cert.subject}"
        if state == "MISSING":
            bad.append(cert)
            line += f"  <- issued by {cert.issuer}"
        print(line)
    if not verified and any(cert.is_ca for cert in bad):
        print("NOTE: a flagged CA is exempt only where clients trust it directly (it is then the trust anchor)")
    return bad


def _aki_issue() -> str:
    print("RESULT: AKI ISSUE - rejected under VERIFY_X509_STRICT (Python 3.13+ default)")
    print("FIX: have the issuing CA reissue the flagged certificate(s) with an authorityKeyIdentifier")
    print("     extension (OpenSSL config: authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer)")
    return ISSUE


def check_host(target: str, strict: ssl.SSLContext, relaxed: ssl.SSLContext, timeout: float) -> str:
    print(f"== {target} ==")
    relaxed_error = None
    try:
        host, port = _host_port(target)
        chain, strict_error = _attempt(host, port, strict, timeout)
        if strict_error is not None:
            chain, relaxed_error = _attempt(host, port, relaxed, timeout)
            if relaxed_error is not None:
                chain, _ = _attempt(host, port, _unverified_context(), timeout)
    except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
        print(f"RESULT: ERROR - {exc}")
        return ERROR
    print(f"strict verification (Python 3.13+ default): {_outcome(strict_error)}")
    if strict_error is not None:
        print(f"relaxed verification (VERIFY_X509_STRICT off): {_outcome(relaxed_error)}")
    print("verified chain:" if relaxed_error is None else "served chain (unverified):")
    bad = _report(chain, verified=relaxed_error is None)
    if bad or (strict_error is not None and strict_error.verify_code == MISSING_AKI_CODE):
        if relaxed_error is not None:
            print(f"NOTE: verification also fails without VERIFY_X509_STRICT ({relaxed_error.verify_message})")
        return _aki_issue()
    if strict_error is None:
        print("RESULT: OK - passes VERIFY_X509_STRICT")
        return OK
    if relaxed_error is None:
        print(f"RESULT: STRICT-MODE ISSUE (not AKI) - {strict_error.verify_message}")
        return ISSUE
    print("RESULT: ERROR - verification fails even without VERIFY_X509_STRICT")
    return ERROR


def check_file(path: Path) -> str:
    print(f"== {path} ==")
    try:
        certs = [parse_cert(der) for der in _load_ders(path)]
    except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
        print(f"RESULT: ERROR - {exc}")
        return ERROR
    print(f"{len(certs)} certificate(s), each checked on its own (chain position unknown):")
    if _report(certs, verified=False):
        return _aki_issue()
    print("RESULT: OK - no AKI problems")
    return OK


def _openssl_summary() -> str:
    version = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION
    if not version.startswith("OpenSSL "):
        return f"{version} - not OpenSSL, AKI enforcement unknown; compare the strict and relaxed results"
    if ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO < (3,):
        return f"{version} - does not enforce the AKI check (needs 3.0+); live checks pass, trust the AKI column"
    return f"{version} - enforces the AKI check (OpenSSL 3.0+)"


def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
    parser.add_argument("targets", nargs="+", metavar="TARGET", help="host[:port], https:// URL, or certificate file")
    parser.add_argument("--cafile", help="CA bundle to trust instead of the default store")
    parser.add_argument("--timeout", type=float, default=10.0, help="connect timeout in seconds (default: %(default)s)")
    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
    try:
        strict = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=args.cafile)
        relaxed = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=args.cafile)
    except OSError as exc:
        parser.error(f"--cafile: {exc}")
    strict.verify_flags |= ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT
    relaxed.verify_flags &= ~ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT

    paths = ssl.get_default_verify_paths()
    print(f"Python {platform.python_version()}")
    print(f"OpenSSL library (loaded by Python): {_openssl_summary()}")
    print(f"default verify flags: {ssl.create_default_context().verify_flags.name}")
    print(f"trust store: {args.cafile or paths.cafile or paths.capath}")

    statuses = []
    for target in args.targets:
        print()
        path = Path(target)
        statuses.append(check_file(path) if path.is_file() else check_host(target, strict, relaxed, args.timeout))
    return 1 if ISSUE in statuses else 2 if ERROR in statuses else 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())